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scipy.stats.

# wilcoxon

scipy.stats.wilcoxon(x, y=None, zero_method='wilcox', correction=False, alternative='two-sided', method='auto', *, axis=0, nan_policy='propagate', keepdims=False)

  Calculate the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

  The Wilcoxon signed-rank test tests the null hypothesis that two related paired samples come from the same distribution. In particular, it tests whether the distribution of the differences `x - y` is symmetric about zero. It is a non-parametric version of the paired T-test.

  Parameters:
    x array_like

      Either the first set of measurements (in which case `y` is the second set of measurements), or the differences between two sets of measurements (in which case `y` is not to be specified.) Must be one-dimensional.

    y array_like, optional

      Either the second set of measurements (if `x` is the first set of measurements), or not specified (if `x` is the differences between two sets of measurements.) Must be one-dimensional.

      Warning

      When y is provided, `wilcoxon` calculates the test statistic based on the ranks of the absolute values of `d = x - y`. Roundoff error in the subtraction can result in elements of `d` being assigned different ranks even when they would be tied with exact arithmetic. Rather than passing x and y separately, consider computing the difference `x - y`, rounding as needed to ensure that only truly unique elements are numerically distinct, and passing the result as x, leaving y at the default (None).

    zero_method{“wilcox”, “pratt”, “zsplit”}, optional

      There are different conventions for handling pairs of observations with equal values (“zero-differences”, or “zeros”).

      - “wilcox”: Discards all zero-differences (default); see [4].

      - “pratt”: Includes zero-differences in the ranking process, but drops the ranks of the zeros (more conservative); see [3]. In this case, the normal approximation is adjusted as in [5].

      - “zsplit”: Includes zero-differences in the ranking process and splits the zero rank between positive and negative ones.

    correction bool, optional

      If True, apply continuity correction by adjusting the Wilcoxon rank statistic by 0.5 towards the mean value when computing the z-statistic if a normal approximation is used. Default is False.

    alternative{“two-sided”, “greater”, “less”}, optional

      Defines the alternative hypothesis. Default is ‘two-sided’. In the following, let `d` represent the difference between the paired samples: `d = x - y` if both `x` and `y` are provided, or `d = x` otherwise.

      - ‘two-sided’: the distribution underlying `d` is not symmetric about zero.

      - ‘less’: the distribution underlying `d` is stochastically less than a distribution symmetric about zero.

      - ‘greater’: the distribution underlying `d` is stochastically greater than a distribution symmetric about zero.

    method{“auto”, “exact”, “asymptotic”} or `PermutationMethod` instance, optional

      Method to calculate the p-value, see Notes. Default is “auto”.

    axis int or None, default: 0

      If an int, the axis of the input along which to compute the statistic. The statistic of each axis-slice (e.g. row) of the input will appear in a corresponding element of the output. If `None`, the input will be raveled before computing the statistic.

    nan_policy{‘propagate’, ‘omit’, ‘raise’}

      Defines how to handle input NaNs.

      - `propagate`: if a NaN is present in the axis slice (e.g. row) along which the statistic is computed, the corresponding entry of the output will be NaN.

      - `omit`: NaNs will be omitted when performing the calculation. If insufficient data remains in the axis slice along which the statistic is computed, the corresponding entry of the output will be NaN.

      - `raise`: if a NaN is present, a `ValueError` will be raised.

    keepdims bool, default: False

      If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option, the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.

  Returns:
    An object with the following attributes.
    statistic array_like

      If alternative is “two-sided”, the sum of the ranks of the differences above or below zero, whichever is smaller. Otherwise the sum of the ranks of the differences above zero.

    pvalue array_like

      The p-value for the test depending on alternative and method.

    zstatistic array_like

      When `method = 'asymptotic'`, this is the normalized z-statistic:

          z = (T - mn - d) / se

      where `T` is statistic as defined above, `mn` is the mean of the distribution under the null hypothesis, `d` is a continuity correction, and `se` is the standard error. When `method != 'asymptotic'`, this attribute is not available.

  See also

  `kruskal`, `mannwhitneyu`

  Notes

  In the following, let `d` represent the difference between the paired samples: `d = x - y` if both `x` and `y` are provided, or `d = x` otherwise. Assume that all elements of `d` are independent and identically distributed observations, and all are distinct and nonzero.

  - When `len(d)` is sufficiently large, the null distribution of the normalized test statistic (zstatistic above) is approximately normal, and `method = 'asymptotic'` can be used to compute the p-value.

  - When `len(d)` is small, the normal approximation may not be accurate, and `method='exact'` is preferred (at the cost of additional execution time).

  - The default, `method='auto'`, selects between the two: `method='exact'` is used when `len(d) <= 50`, and `method='asymptotic'` is used otherwise.

  The presence of “ties” (i.e. not all elements of `d` are unique) or “zeros” (i.e. elements of `d` are zero) changes the null distribution of the test statistic, and `method='exact'` no longer calculates the exact p-value. If `method='asymptotic'`, the z-statistic is adjusted for more accurate comparison against the standard normal, but still, for finite sample sizes, the standard normal is only an approximation of the true null distribution of the z-statistic. For such situations, the method parameter also accepts instances of `PermutationMethod`. In this case, the p-value is computed using `permutation_test` with the provided configuration options and other appropriate settings.

  The presence of ties and zeros affects the resolution of `method='auto'` accordingly: exhasutive permutations are performed when `len(d) <= 13`, and the asymptotic method is used otherwise. Note that they asymptotic method may not be very accurate even for `len(d) > 14`; the threshold was chosen as a compromise between execution time and accuracy under the constraint that the results must be deterministic. Consider providing an instance of `PermutationMethod` method manually, choosing the `n_resamples` parameter to balance time constraints and accuracy requirements.

  Please also note that in the edge case that all elements of `d` are zero, the p-value relying on the normal approximaton cannot be computed (NaN) if `zero_method='wilcox'` or `zero_method='pratt'`.

  Beginning in SciPy 1.9, `np.matrix` inputs (not recommended for new code) are converted to `np.ndarray` before the calculation is performed. In this case, the output will be a scalar or `np.ndarray` of appropriate shape rather than a 2D `np.matrix`. Similarly, while masked elements of masked arrays are ignored, the output will be a scalar or `np.ndarray` rather than a masked array with `mask=False`.

  References

  [1]

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilcoxon_signed-rank_test

  [2]

  Conover, W.J., Practical Nonparametric Statistics, 1971.

  [3]

  Pratt, J.W., Remarks on Zeros and Ties in the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Procedures, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 54, 1959, pp. 655-667. DOI:10.1080/01621459.1959.10501526

  [4] (1,2)

  Wilcoxon, F., Individual Comparisons by Ranking Methods, Biometrics Bulletin, Vol. 1, 1945, pp. 80-83. DOI:10.2307/3001968

  [5]

  Cureton, E.E., The Normal Approximation to the Signed-Rank Sampling Distribution When Zero Differences are Present, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 62, 1967, pp. 1068-1069. DOI:10.1080/01621459.1967.10500917

  Examples

  In [4], the differences in height between cross- and self-fertilized corn plants is given as follows:

      >>> d = [6, 8, 14, 16, 23, 24, 28, 29, 41, -48, 49, 56, 60, -67, 75]

  Cross-fertilized plants appear to be higher. To test the null hypothesis that there is no height difference, we can apply the two-sided test:

      >>> from scipy.stats import wilcoxon
      >>> res = wilcoxon(d)
      >>> res.statistic, res.pvalue
      (24.0, 0.041259765625)

  Hence, we would reject the null hypothesis at a confidence level of 5%, concluding that there is a difference in height between the groups. To confirm that the median of the differences can be assumed to be positive, we use:

      >>> res = wilcoxon(d, alternative='greater')
      >>> res.statistic, res.pvalue
      (96.0, 0.0206298828125)

  This shows that the null hypothesis that the median is negative can be rejected at a confidence level of 5% in favor of the alternative that the median is greater than zero. The p-values above are exact. Using the normal approximation gives very similar values:

      >>> res = wilcoxon(d, method='asymptotic')
      >>> res.statistic, res.pvalue
      (24.0, 0.04088813291185591)

  Note that the statistic changed to 96 in the one-sided case (the sum of ranks of positive differences) whereas it is 24 in the two-sided case (the minimum of sum of ranks above and below zero).

  In the example above, the differences in height between paired plants are provided to `wilcoxon` directly. Alternatively, `wilcoxon` accepts two samples of equal length, calculates the differences between paired elements, then performs the test. Consider the samples `x` and `y`:

      >>> import numpy as np
      >>> x = np.array([0.5, 0.825, 0.375, 0.5])
      >>> y = np.array([0.525, 0.775, 0.325, 0.55])
      >>> res = wilcoxon(x, y, alternative='greater')
      >>> res
      WilcoxonResult(statistic=5.0, pvalue=0.5625)

  Note that had we calculated the differences by hand, the test would have produced different results:

      >>> d = [-0.025, 0.05, 0.05, -0.05]
      >>> ref = wilcoxon(d, alternative='greater')
      >>> ref
      WilcoxonResult(statistic=6.0, pvalue=0.5)

  The substantial difference is due to roundoff error in the results of `x-y`:

      >>> d - (x-y)
      array([2.08166817e-17, 6.93889390e-17, 1.38777878e-17, 4.16333634e-17])

  Even though we expected all the elements of `(x-y)[1:]` to have the same magnitude `0.05`, they have slightly different magnitudes in practice, and therefore are assigned different ranks in the test. Before performing the test, consider calculating `d` and adjusting it as necessary to ensure that theoretically identically values are not numerically distinct. For example:

      >>> d2 = np.around(x - y, decimals=3)
      >>> wilcoxon(d2, alternative='greater')
      WilcoxonResult(statistic=6.0, pvalue=0.5)